Surplus Reality and the Experiential Reintegration Model in Psychodrama
Keywords:
psychodramatic interventionAbstract
In this article, the author describes the principles of the Experiential Reintegration Model (ERM), a new formulation of the therapeutic propensity of psychodramatic and role-playing enactment. The model is based on the premise that psychotherapy aims to provide clients with new experiences, the kind that can substitute for, alter, add to, and replenish previous unsatisfying experiences. Effectiveness of such experiences in the therapist's depends on the similarity of the quality of those experiences to the qualities of experiences that occur naturally in the outside world. That is accomplished through surplus reality, the concept that alters the dimensions of time, space, and reality. The theory of the ERM is that surplus reality is the most therapeutically potent factor in psychodramatic intervention.
References
Agazarian, Y. M. (1997). System-centered therapy for groups. New York: Guilford.
Agazarian, Y., & Peters, R. (1981). The visible and invisible group. London: Kamack Books.
Bemak, F., & Young, M. E. (1998). Role of catharsis in group psychotherapy. The International Journal of Action Methods: Psychodrama, Skill Training, and Role Playing, 50, 166-184.
Crouch, E. C., Bloch, S., & Wanlass, J. (1994). Therapeutic factors: Interpersonal and interpersonal mechanisms. In A. Fuhriman & G. M. Burlingame (Eds.), Handbook of group psychotherapy: Empirical and clinical synthesis (pp. 269-315). New York: Wiley & Sons.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1975). Beyond boredom and anxiety. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1978). Attention and the holistic approach to behavior. In K. S. Pope & J. L. Singer (Eds.), The stream of consciousness (pp. 335-358). New York: Plenum.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1985). Emergent motivation and the evolution of the self. In D. Klieber & M. H. Marhr (Eds.), Motivation in adulthood (pp. 93-113). Greenwich CT: JAi Press.
Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Csikszentmihalyi, I. S. (1988). Optimal experience: Psychological studies of flow in consciousness. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Emunah, R. (1997). Drama therapy and psychodrama: An integrated model. International Journal of Action Methods: Psychodrama, Skill Training, and Role Playing, 50, 108-134.
Foulkes, S. H. (1964). Therapeutic group analysis. New York: International University Press.
Foulkes, S. H., & Anthony, E. J. (1957). Group psychotherapy: The psychoanalytic approach. London: Penguin Books.
Kellermann, P. F., & Hudgins, M. K. (Eds.). (2000). Psychodrama with trauma survivors. London: Jessica Kingsley.
Kipper, D. A. (1986). Psychotherapy through clinical role playing. New York: Brunner/ Mazel.
Kipper, D. A. (2001). The theory and practice of psychodrama (Bulgarian ed.). Sofia: Daiman Yakov.
MacKenzie, K. R. (1990). Introduction to time-limited group psychotherapy. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
Moreno, J. L. (1953). Who shall survive? Foundation of sociometry, group psychotherapy and sociodrama. Beacon, NY. Beacon House.
Moreno, J. L. (1964). Psychodrama Vol. I. (3rd ed.) Beacon, NY: Beacon House.
Moreno, J. L. (1965). Therapeutic vehicles and the concept of surplus reality. Group Psychotherapy, 18, 211-216.
Moreno, J. L. (1966). Psychiatry of the twentieth century: Function of the universalia: Time, space, reality and cosmos. Group Psychotherapy, 19, 146158.
Moreno, Z. T., Blomkvist, L. D., & Rutzel, T. (2000). Psychodrama, surplus reality and the art of healing. London, UK: Routledge.
Nichols, M. P., & Efran, J. S. (1985). Catharsis in psychotherapy: A new perspective. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, and Practice, 22, 46-58.
Perls, F., Hefferline, R. F., & Goodman, P. (1951). Gestalt therapy. New York: Delta.
Rice, A. K. (1969). Individual, group, and intragroup processes. Human Relations, 22, 565-584.
Rutan, J. S., & Stone, W. (1993). Psychodynamic group psychotherapy (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford.
Whitaker, D. S., & Lieberman, M. A, (1964). Psychotherapy through the group process. New York: Atherton.
Wolf, A., & Schwartz, E. K. (1962). Psychoanalysis in groups. New York: Grune.
Yalom, I. D. (1995). The theory and practice of group psychotherapy (4th ed.). New York: Basic Books.
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Psychodrama, Sociometry, and Group Psychotherapy

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.