Group Structure: A Review
Keywords:
ReviewAbstract
This article gives an overview of the concept of structure as it pertains to group counseling. It includes a summary of the history and theory of structure and a discussion of the types of structure and the interaction of structure with other variables.
References
Bednar, R. L., & Battersby, C. P. (1976). The effects of specific cognitive structure on early group development. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 12, 513-522.
Bednar, R. L., & Langenbahn, D. M. (1979). Structure and ambiguity: Conceptual and applied misconceptions. Journal for Specialists in Group Work, 4, 170-176.
Bednar, R. L., Melnick, J., & Kaul, T. J. (1974). Risk, responsibility, and structure: A conceptual framework for initiating group counseling and psychotherapy. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 21, 31-37.
Caple, R. B., & Cox, P. L. (1989). Relationships among group structure, member expectations, attraction to group, and satisfaction with the group experience. Journal for Specialists in Group Work, 14, 16-24.
Crews, C. Y., & Melnick, J. (1976). Use of initial and delayed structure in facilitating group development. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 23, 92-98.
D' Augelli, A. R., & Chinsky, J. M. (1974). Interpersonal skills and pretraining: Implications for the use of group procedures for interpersonal learning and for the selection of nonprofessional mental health workers. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 42, 65-72.
Duck, S. W. (1973). Personal relationships and personal constructs: A study of friendship formation. London: Wiley.
Evensen, E. P., & Bednar, R. L. (1978). Effects of specific cognitive and behavioral structure on early group behavior and atmosphere. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 25, 66-75.
Hilkey, J. H., Wilhelm, C. L., & Horne, A. M. (1982). Comparative effectiveness of videotape pretraining versus no pretraining on selected process and outcome variables in group therapy. Psychological Reports, 50, 1151-1159.
Kane, R. (1992). The potential abuses, limitations, and negative effects of classical psychodramatic techniques in group counseling. Journal of Group Psychotherapy, Psychodrama, & Sociometry, 44, 181--189.
Kaul, T. J., & Bednar, R. L. (1986). Experiential group research: Results, questions, and suggestions. In S. L. Garfield & A. E. Bergin (Eds.), Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (3rd ed.) (pp. 671-714). New York: Wiley.
Kellermann, P. F. (1991). An essay on the metascience of psychodrama. Journal of Group Psychotherapy, Psychodrama, & Sociometry, 44, 19-32.
Kelly, G. A. (1955). The psychology of personal constructs. New York: Norton.
Kivlighan, D. M., McGovern, T. V., & Corazzini, J. G. (1984). Effects of content and timing of structuring interventions on group therapy process and outcome. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 31, 363-370.
Lee, F., & Bednar, R. L. (1977). Effects of group structure and risk-taking disposition on group behavior, attitudes, and atmosphere. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 24, 191-199.
Levin, E. M., & Kurtz, R. R. (1974). Structured and nonstructured human relations training. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 21, 526-531.
Neimeyer, G. J., & Merluzzi, T. V. (1982). Group structure and group process: Personal construct theory and group development. Small Group Behavior, 13, 150-164.
Ormont, L. R. (1957). The preparation of patients for group psychoanalysis. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 11, 841-848.
Rabin, H. M. (1970). Preparing patients for group psychotherapy. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy, 20, 135-145.
Ribner, N. G. (1974). Effects of an explicit group contract on self-disclosure and group cohesiveness. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 21, 116-120.
Roach, A. M. (1976). The comparative effects of behavioral versus cognitive presentation, high versus low levels of specificity, and interpersonal vs. intrapersonal content of structure on early group development. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY.
Roark, A. E., and Roark, A. B. (1979). Group structure: Components and effects. Journal for Specialists in Group Work, 4, 186-192.
Rohde, R. I., & Stockton, R. (1992). The effect of structured feedback on goal attainment, attraction to the group, and satisfaction with the group in small group counseling. Journal of Group Psychotherapy, Psychodrama, & Sociometry, 44, 172-180.
Stockton, R., Rohde, R. I., & Haughey, J. (1992). The effects of structured group exercises on cohesion, engagement, avoidance, and conflict. Small Group Research, 23, 155-168.
Trotzer, J.P. (1979). Developmental tasks in group counseling. The basis for structure. Journal for Specialists in Group Work, 4, 177-185.
Waltman, D. E., & Zimpfer, D. G. (1988). Composition, structure, and duration of treatment: Interacting variables in counseling groups. Small Group Behavior, 19, 171-184.
Ware, J., & Barr, J. (1977). Effects of a nine-week structured and unstructured group experience on measures of self-concept and self-actualization. Small Group Behavior, 8, 93-99.
Whalen, C. (1969). Effects of a model and instructions on group verbal behaviors. Journal, of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 33, 509-521.
Whitaker, D. S., & Lieberman, M. A. (1964). Psychotherapy through the group process. New York: Atherton.
Zweben, J., & Hammann, K. (1970). Prescribed games: A theoretical perspective on the use of group techniques. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, and Practice, 7, 22-27.
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Psychodrama, Sociometry, and Group Psychotherapy

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.